Substrate is technically the material used to cover the floor of your ocellated skink’s enclosure (a.k.a. bedding). But it’s so much more than just that — while it may seem like just an aesthetic choice, for ocellated skinks, it’s a very functional and even vital part of their environment.
The most important function of an ocellated skink’s substrate is to facilitate burrowing. Because ocellated skinks are semi-fossorial, they spend a lot of their time in their substrate. This is a predator defense mechanism that makes it more difficult for potential predators to catch them, and it’s such a strong instinct that that not having access to the right substrate stresses them out (Skelton et al., 1996).
Best Ocellated Skink Substrates
The best substrate for your ocellated skink will be one that essentially replicates what they live on in the wild. Wild observations show that they live in habitats with both packed earth and loose, sandy/stony soil. Captive observations suggest that although they are capable of making use of hideout areas, ocellated skinks seem to prefer having access to loose substrate, which is consistent with their ability to “swim” through sand. This may also be because “swimming” through fine, loose substrates facilitate movement by reducing the energetic cost of locomotion (Greenville & Dickman, 2009).
Here are ReptiFiles’ recommendations:
- Bio Dude Terra Sahara Substrate Kit — Full bioactive substrate kit for semi-arid species. Holds tunnels readily, but can be difficult to hydrate.
- Josh’s Frogs DESERT BioBedding Bioactive Substrate — Bioactive-ready substrate base for semi-arid species. Drains well, but not quite as loose as Bio Dude’s mix.
- Zoo Med ReptiSand — Super fine quartz sand. Packs and drains well. Available in red, yellow, and black. Can be purchased at most pet stores. Do not confuse with their other “sand” products, such as Vita Sand and Repti Fresh.
- Exo Terra Desert Sand — Super fine sand collected from natural sources. Packs and drains well. Available in red, yellow, and brown (marketed under “River Sand”, but it’s the same thing). Can be purchased at most pet stores.
- Jurassic Sands Reptile Substrate — Super fine, all-natural red dune sand. Packs and drains well. Only available online.
- DIY Semi-Arid Mix — 3 parts plain topsoil, 2 parts play sand. Both of these ingredients can usually be found at home improvement and landscaping supply stores. The topsoil does a good job of loosening up the play sand, and it drains reasonably well.
It takes about 45 lbs (22 quarts) of sand to create a ~3” layer of substrate in a 24” x 18” x 18” enclosure.
A layer of leaf litter on top of the substrate is useful for providing an additional texture for the skinks to burrow in, but is not required.
Avoid other substrates, such as:
- coconut fiber
- wood bark
- wood shavings
- wood chips/mulch
- ground walnut shell
- gravel
- paper towels
- reptile carpet
Play sand can work in a pinch, but I don’t recommend it, as the grains are coarse and may irritate your skink.
NEVER use calcium sand (ex: Vita-Sand, Reptilite, Thermal Terrain, etc.). Despite the advertising, this stuff is NOT good for reptiles, and it is NOT safer than natural sand.
How deep should the substrate be?
According to Catena & Hembree, when ocellated skinks burrow, they don’t go very far. In the study, the skinks burrow to a maximum depth of 1.65”/4.2 cm, and spent most of their time in the upper 0.79”/2 cm of substrate. So a good minimum substrate depth is going to be 2”, or 5 cm. However, deeper is useful if you plan to use live plants or create a bioactive setup.
On Bioactive:
Because they spend so much time in their substrate, ocellated skinks end up defecating in it, making spot-cleaning difficult. For this reason (and the fact that they’re not very handleable), it is my opinion that bioactive is the most efficient and least disruptive way to keep this species. The only complication with setting up an arid vivarium for ocellated skinks is that they will enthusiastically devour CUC such as isopods, mealworms, and even beetles. Giant canyon isopods, superworms, and blue death-feigning beetles may be more likely to succeed.
However, do not put your ocellated skink in a bioactive enclosure until it has passed quarantine.
Sanitation
If you are not using a bioactive setup, food waste, feces, urates, and contaminated substrate should be removed daily. All of the substrate will need to be fully replaced every 1-3 months, depending on the size of the enclosure and how diligent you are about daily spot-cleaning. The Zoo Med Repti Sand Scooper can be an incredibly useful tool for helping your skink’s substrate last longer!
During substrate replacement, the entire enclosure should be disinfected with a reptile-safe disinfectant like chlorhexidine, F10SC, or Rescue. Alternatively, bleach solution can be used. Use the disinfectant according to its directions for proper use, otherwise it may not be effective.
If you have a bioactive enclosure, “cleaning” is more like periodic maintenance: watering the plants, adding biodegradables and CUC food as needed, and occasionally topping up the CUC if they’re getting eaten. However, even if you’re using a bioactive enclosure, surfaces like rocks and ledges should still be routinely wiped down and disinfected.
SUMMARY —
- Substrate should be no less than 2” deep.
- Substrate should be soft and loose, not solid/hard.
- Fine, natural sand or an arid soil mix generally makes the best substrate.
- Substrate should be completely replaced every 1-3 months.
- Bioactive is strongly recommended for this species to minimize disturbance.
Keep reading about ocellated skinks:
- Introduction to Ocellated Skinks
- Shopping list: Supplies You Will Need
- How to Select and Buy a Pet Ocellated Skink
- Enclosure Size & Roommates
- Lighting & UVB Requirements
- Heating Requirements
- Humidity Requirements
- Substrate Options
- Environmental Enrichment: Decorating the Enclosure
- Feeding Your Ocellated Skink
- Handling Tips & Behavioral Notes
- General Health Guide
- Additional Resources
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